Once a Portuguese colony, the country’s culture was built on European immigration and African slave labor, making for a rich mixture of ethnic backgrounds. Not long after Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico in 1521, a young Spanish conquistador named Francisco Pizarro, stationed in what is now Panama, heard rumors of silver and gold found among the South American people. Coffee trees, which originally grew in Ethiopia, have since been grown throughout the world. Rain forests and jungle fauna can be found on the eastern slopes. Among the various peoples of South America, it's estimated that over 75% of all its inhabitants are Roman Catholic and over half of the total population . Colombia borders five countries, with the Caribbean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Orinoco River to the east, and a short segment of the Amazon River to the far south. Chávez, who died in 2013, enacted a "Hydrocarbons Law" which took effect in 2002 and nationalized all oil production and distribution activities. Why has it been so difficult to unify the countries in this realm into a single trade zone? In recent years, there has been growing concern about how climate change will continue to affect the region’s coffee production. Bauxite is the country’s main export product. South America is also home to the Atacama Desert, the driest desert in the world. The foundation of the traditional agrarian society has been subsistence agriculture. This culture is known for its beautiful multicoloured ceramics, and for the large platform mounds it constructs. What is this region doing to attract economic development? In the mid-18th century, gauchos hunted herds of wild horses and cattle that roamed freely on the extensive grasslands. Most people live in urban areas, and one-third of Argentineans live in Buenos Aires. Some South American nations have nationalized industries, such as electricity or oil production, in order to encourage economic development.Chile nationalized its copper mines in 1971, for instance. Where are the main types of coffee grown? Some insurgent groups support the government and are against the drug lords, while others fight the government and work independently or with the cartels. The only region that was not colonized by those two powers was the small region of the Guianas, which was colonized by Great Britain, the Netherlands, and France. South America is an immensely vibrant and diverse continent. Another important predictor of South America’s political and financial future is its efforts to minimize the effects of climate change. While Catholicism dominates the continent, other spiritual beliefs have influenced both spiritual and secular activities. A technology center similar to California’s Silicon Valley has combined with the manufacturing complex that has sprouted up along the coast of the south. Chile has an abundance of fish in its coastal waters and copper and minerals in the Atacama Desert and has been exporting timber products from its southern region. Figure 6.1 South America: Political Map of the Countries and Various Physical Regions. It has the greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world. Catholicism is the dominant religion and Portuguese is the primary language. This pattern of urbanization is mainly a result of colonial activity and influence. The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire. The Moche culture of the north underwent a radical reorganization, with the move of its capital farther north and inland. Over a period of 100 years, the empire expanded to include parts of present-day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, and Colombia. No bridges span the Amazon River. The Southeast culture area, north of the Gulf of Mexico and south of the Northeast, was a humid, fertile agricultural region. Type of sustainable tourism that focuses on the stewardship of place and the preservation of its essential character. in Venezuela or favelasTerm used to describe a slum in parts of South America, particularly Brazil. Corporate colonialism is quite active in Brazil. Europeans continued to dominate and exploit the mining of minerals in Peru and Bolivia throughout the colonial era. the industry (including food, hotels, and entertainment) of traveling for pleasure. This area possesses enormous natural resources, including large amounts of oil and natural gas. Colonial influence—which forced a change in languages, religion, and economics—also came from the small European kingdom of Portugal. These traditional images may be stereotypes, but the cultural scene in Argentina is heavily invested in the international trends of the modern world. This European support provides the population with a higher standard of living than in many other South American countries. Across the Andes Mountains from the Altiplano Region is the Atacama Desert. Most of the population of South America lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The diversity is not only limited to the landscapes, people and culture, but also offers a wide range of sports and activities for the dwellers of this region. The wealthy elite who have benefited the most from the nation’s wealth often find themselves on the opposite side of the political debate from the majority, who are likely to live in poor conditions. Pipelines connect the interior oil fields of Colombia with the northern ports. Where is Brazil’s core region? mi. The culture of South America draws on diverse cultural traditions. Brazil is an emerging power in the world marketplace. The Inca Empire dominated an area from Ecuador to Northern Chile. A free trade agreement was later signed between the US and Chile in 2003. Brazil has favorable resources and labor to complete in the global marketplace. not having to do with religion or spirituality. Lake Titicaca is the highest-elevation navigable lake in the world. Computer companies have established software firms that have in turn attracted other new companies. With time, some become established neighborhoods. "The seventeenth century sees the growth of local autonomy and the rise of criollo identities (people of European descent born in the Americas) throughout the Spanish Americas, even as the indigenous population continues its calamitous decline. Opposition members were imprisoned or killed. system or order of a nation, state, or other political unit. This trend has given rise to a regional population of more than fifty million. South America climate varies widely due to the sheer size of the continent, its geographical location, winds and ocean currents.South America's climate is dominated by relatively warm regions, yet the continent can generally be grouped into 4 zones, tropical, cold, dry and temperate.. They show how these . Some farms are not large enough for families to make a living on. Lake Titicaca is a large freshwater lake about 120 miles long and 50 miles wide. Colonialism and plantation agriculture entirely changed the cultural dynamics of the Guianas. edge of land along the sea or other large body of water. It is impossible to understand the current conditions in South America without first understanding what occurred to create those conditions. In Bhutan, it is important to show respect to the king. The two main colonizers in South America were Spain and Portugal. Identifying Uruguay, Suriname, and Guyana may be a little tougher to find on an online map. South America is the realm consisting of the southern portion of the New World. fatty tissue of animals, used to treat leather and make candles and soap. Colonialism changed the ethnicity, religion, language, and economic activities of the people in South America. The continent can be divided into regions by ethnic majorities influenced by early colonial development. The agrarian lifestyle dominates the cultural heritage of this region. Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia are associate members. Gaucho culture still persists, especially in Argentina and Uruguay, where gaucho dress, song, and food are used to evoke national pride. It is located primarily in the southern hemisphere. Brazil was colonized by Portugal, which gave the country the Portuguese language and the Catholic faith. © 1996 - 2021 National Geographic Society. Today Chile produces modest quantities of basic chemicals and electronic goods. The US dollar is the most widely used currency in the world and is also used in other Latin American countries. The Andes Mountains reach into the northern part of the country and make up the terrain of the northern coastal region all the way to the capital city of Caracas. However, its culture is still impacted by globalization and is evolving from within. Also known as petroleum or crude oil. For its size, the falls has an enormous amount of water volume flowing over its crest. Fishing is common in the coastal areas. Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. How did colonial activity assist in determining which ethnic group or groups would be at the top or bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy in the Andean West region of South America? It is impossible to understand the current conditions in South America without first understanding what occurred to create those conditions. To the northwest of the Llanos and the Guiana Highlands in Venezuela is Lake Maracaibo, a large inland lake open to the Caribbean Sea. The term ecotourism has been used to indicate the activity of people traveling to experience and enjoy the natural world with an aim not to damage the environment in the process. Source: Data courtesy of CIA World Factbook 2010, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ns.html. Found inside – Page 532European cultural region differ most, on average, in attributing higher importance to ... The culture prevalent in Latin American countries is close to the ... Source: Photo courtesy of Pedro Kirilos, http://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrokirilos/3640359022. European ethnic groups dominate this region and include not only Spanish and Portuguese but also German, Austrian, Italian, and other European ethnic heritages. The pyramid-shaped graphic used to illustrate Mexico’s social layers in Chapter 5 "Middle America", Section 5.2 "Mexico" can also be applied to Brazil (see Figure 6.28 "Socioeconomic Classes in Brazil, Also Common throughout Middle and South America"). European elites or a Mestizo ruling class has dominated or controlled the local Amerindian groups in the Andes since colonial times. Many poor settlers have arrived seeking employment opportunities or a chance to obtain land. The mineral wealth of the Andes made the conquistadors rich. How does Chile complement the agricultural production of the United States and Canada? After slavery was abolished, indentured servants from Asia were brought to the Guianas to work the plantations. Just as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have favelas, Brasilia has slums and self-constructed districts, too. Uruguay is highly urbanized and has been an attractive place for tourism. Europeans colonizers generally took the best land and controlled the economic trade of the region. Emerging in 1438 C.E., the Incan Empire developed along the west coast of the continent, with the Pacific Ocean forming its western border, and the formidable Andes Mountains to the east, which provided a natural barrier from outsiders. The Pampas provides some of the most abundant agricultural production on the planet. Found inside – Page 216Geography of South America . 1 quarter . 5 hours . Genesis and development of culture regions . Resources , economic activities , etc. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Beef is a mainstay of the cuisine in much of the country. Brazil is as urban as the United States or countries in the European Union. The geography of South America is dominated by the Andes Mountain Range and the Amazon River (second longest . The three principal regions of early development were the Pacific coast, suited to fishing and trading societies; the major rivers of the Amazon basin, with abundant water, plant, and animal resources; and the Andes, where mountains provided security.The Incan Empire is the most well known indigenous culture of South America. The unique terrain of the mountain is often photographed but seldom climbed. Iquitos is a port city for the Atlantic Ocean with access to Europe, Africa, or eastern North America. Slums in South America go by different names, such as barriosTerm used to describe a slum in the northern parts of South America and Middle America. regions and into broad swathes of lowland tropical . Learn the secret to creating the perfect parrilla in Uruguay. In 2006, Bolivia elected a socialist president from the MAS (Movement for Socialism) party who was from a minority Amerindian group rather than a member of the wealthy elite. Brazil took in more African slaves than any other single country—at least three million. The mining of ores and minerals has enticed people to immigrate to the area, creating frontier boomtowns with few public utilities or social services and poorly organized law and order. The equator runs through the center of South America at its widest point and parallels the Amazon River. Figure 6.3 Colonial Activity in South America. Corruption, authoritarianism, and human rights violations have been common accusations toward the political leadership of the countries. Tourism is expanding to connect travelers with opportunities to explore Incan and pre-Incan sites, which are the main attractions. How does the rain shadow effect apply to both Argentina and Chile? The cleared areas are most often used by cattle ranchers until the soil is no longer viable. Chile is blessed with natural resources that include the minerals of the Atacama Desert, extensive fishing along the coast, timber products from the south, and agricultural products from central Chile. Where has socialism been promoted or supported in the countries of South America? Population growth is a major factor in the future of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Opium is extracted from the seedpod and can be further refined into heroin. Source: Photo courtesy of Norsk Folkehjelp Norwegian People’s Aid, http://www.flickr.com/photos/folkehjelp/4776227579. Diane Boudreau Chile has a variety of environmental zones, administrative districts, and climate patterns. Conflicts over land claims and the autonomy of Amerindian groups are on the rise. A large percentage of the population of South America is of a mixed ethnic background. Indeed, the South is much more a cultural region or way of life than a geographical one; states west of Texas are not considered part of "The South", no matter how far south they are. Argentina continues to have a strong agricultural sector but has been increasing its industrial production in order to secure a strong economy. These runaway slaves, called Maroons, eventually organized into viable independent groups. Today, coffee is a main export of Colombia, Brazil, and other countries in the tropics. The main economic core area is located in the southeast region of Brazil, an area that is home to the largest cities of the realm and acts as the hub for industrial and economic activities. Code of Ethics. South America's economy is centered on the export of is rich diversity of natural resources. Economic activities have included fishing, agriculture (bananas and sugar), and logging. The port also links the region with Brazil’s free-trade zone in Manaus, which has access to large oceangoing shipping and an international market. Source: Photo courtesy of Carla Salgueiro, http://www.flickr.com/photos/carlinha/4038849886. Argentina is a land of extremes. The largest and most organized cartels operated out of Medellin and Cali, the second- and third-largest cities in the country after the capital city of Bogotá. South America’s modern economic development has helped integrated it with the global economy. What are the three main export products of Colombia? There is no typical "American" personality, but the country's regional norms can help to understand American culture and behaviors. The Patagonia Region is home to the most picturesque landscapes in South America. Most of the population in Guyana and Suriname is from Asia. Mt. The slave trade brought many people of African descent to the Guiana colonies. Rain has never fallen in select areas of northern Chile, which includes the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth and home to one of the world’s greatest copper and nitrate reserves. Morales also bought water distribution rights in the capital of La Paz from a private French company. Manufactured trinkets were sent to Africa from Europe, slaves were sent to the Americas, and plantation products and rum were sent to Europe. Latin American person with European and Native American ancestry. The core urban area is located along the southeast coast, where the large cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are located. Forward capitals are created to either shift development or to safeguard a geographical region. Test your knowledge about South America with this Kahoot! Abundant wildlife can be found along the Atlantic coast, including elephant seals, penguins, albatrosses, and a host of other species. area of the planet which can be classified according to the plant and animal life in it. However, conditions in the rural areas are poor: less than 10 percent of the land is arable. How did Uruguay manage to build up its high standard of living? Canada is the largest country in both Northern America region and North American continent as a whole. South America’s second-largest country is Argentina. There has been considerable conflict and political wrangling about who controls the wealth from extractive economic activities. About 50 percent of the population has converted to Christianity. Source: Photo courtesy of Jeffrey Bary, http://www.flickr.com/photos/70118259@N00/2701569937. study of the spatial relationships that influence government or social policies. structures and facilities necessary for the functioning of a society, such as roads. In both population and physical area, Brazil ranks fifth in the world. Why would the Southern Cone have a stronger economic position than other regions? South America’s historical fragmentation has not made it easy to unify the continent under a singular trade agreement to complete against the European Union or NAFTA. a system of spiritual or supernatural belief. A small number of people from the Middle East or East Asia have immigrated and make up about 4 percent of the population. Countries such as Colombia and Chile have well-established trade relationships with the United States and are unwilling to jeopardize those trade connections to strengthen ties with their neighbors that have less-supportive political relationships with the United States. The seasonal variations between the northern and southern hemisphere create a balance between the two. Over a period of 100 years, the empire expanded to include parts of present-day Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, and Colombia. In 1941, during World War II, the United States occupied the country to secure the valuable bauxite mines that were critical to the war effort. The 2010 FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa. Bolivia has a number of ancient sites that predate the Inca and have become major tourism destinations. (1947-1991) conflict between the Soviet Union (and its allies) and the United States (and its allies). South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Source: Photo courtesy of the team at Carnaval.com Studios, http://www.flickr.com/photos/aforum/4398649958. From there, the drugs are smuggled into the United States. The Inca were not the most populous people but were a ruling class who controlled other subjugated groups. To protect its natural environment and its extensive biodiversity, the country has established national parks and created the large Central Suriname Nature Reserve, which UNESCO has named a World Heritage Site. In such conditions, crime and illegal activities thrive, and the rule of law is difficult to enforce. Other leaders, such as Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa, have threatened to nationalize industries if foreign companies do not respect the rights of the countries they are doing business in.Many believe that nationalization has improved the lives of local populations, and the poor strongly support nationalization efforts. The city of Lima, Peru, was built on wealth from gold and silver extracted from the Inca Empire and the Andes Mountains. Argentina is an urban country: more than 90 percent of the population lives in cities. RE: Where are the five main cultural regions of South America Do You need help with your school? These African slaves introduced their own unique customs and traditions, altering the culture and demographics of the Western Hemisphere. Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia make up the core of the Rural Amerindian Region of South America. The nationalization and privatization of industry, as well as the influence of indigenous groups, are the primary political issues affecting South America.Nationalization is a type of ownership where the state controls an industry, as opposed to private companies. culture in South America, ever since . Figure 6.39 Palermo District, Buenos Aires. How did it operate? South America’s colonial legacy shaped its early cultural landscape. Western South America in particular holds a key role in the . However, the city still has the highest rate of automobile ownership per person in Brazil. The area is also blessed with natural resources such as coal that is shipped north to the main cities where steel is produced. Found inside – Page 5... a geographic and cultural region of South America that is composed of the southernmost areas of this huge continent, South of the Tropic Capricorn. During the twentieth century the government in Colombia has not always been peaceful or stable. The Portuguese language has been adapted to the Brazilian society to reflect a slightly different dialect than the Portuguese spoken in Portugal. Along the Equator, running from the Pacific Ocean eastward to the Atlantic Ocean is a wide climate zone of . What makes it so attractive to economic development? This landlocked country is not located in the Andes. Cultural similarities may exist with regions outside the typical boundaries - the Ozarks in Arkansas, for example. The Caribbean Sea creates the northern boundary. Brazil, the largest country in South America, is similar in physical area to the continental United States (i.e., the United States without Alaska or Hawaii). Agriculture has been a major focus of the region’s early development pattern, but today a large percentage of the population is urbanized. At the same time, censorship, isolationism, and repression of civil rights were elevated to a point of social unrest. And raise a toast or two at some of Peru's best pisco vineyards. Birth defects have become a problem in coca-growing regions because of the high levels of chemical pollution in water supplies. What are the main physical regions of Argentina and Chile? system where the distribution of goods and services, as well as prices, are largely determined by the government. Colonialism also was responsible for transporting food crops such as the potato, which originated in the Peruvian Andes, to the European dinner table. activity that produces goods and services. Chile has been a major trading partner with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) nations and has a stable and growing economy. The Guianas in the northeast were the only European colonies in South America that were not under Spanish or Portuguese control. Since 1200 CE, the Inca had ruled a large empire extending out from central Peru, which included the high-elevation Altiplano Region around Lake Titicaca. Figure 6.22 Indigenous Women on Their Way Home from the MAS congress in Bolivia, January 2009. The phrase "Global South" refers broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Most noted for the region in Brazil between the tropical rain forests of the Amazon Basin and the Brazilian Highlands. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty seven percent of all U.S. residents, lived in the South, the nation's most populous region. Oil is the number one means of gaining national wealth in Ecuador and Peru; natural gas is the number one export of Bolivia. Each has an opposing growing season for fruits and vegetables that can complement the other. Why is the south region so affluent? characteristic to or of a specific place. In South America, five main cultural regions indicate the majority ethnic groups and the main economic activities: Figure 6.10 Cultural Spheres of South America. The three cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasilia, along with their urban neighbors, anchor the core region in the south. CARICOM’s headquarters is located in Georgetown, the capital of Guyana. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. The country of Ecuador is located on the equator—hence its name. Primate cities are usually twice as large as the next largest city and usually are exceptionally expressive of the national feeling and culture. Rio de Janeiro became the capital in 1763, but to further develop Brazil’s interior, in 1960 the capital was moved from Rio to the forward capital of Brasilia. conditions that surround and influence an organism or community. Coffee is only grown in the tropics, since coffee trees must be grown in a frost-free environment. Venezuela does not have extensively developed agricultural production, so most food goods are imported. Colonial merchant ships financed by Europe’s wealthy elite brought goods and trinkets to the African coast to trade for slaves, who were shipped to the Americas and the Caribbean to diminish the labor shortage for the colonies. It is also the second biggest country in the world. Tropical forests usually expand along the edges where falling debris from the trees collects and provides nutrients for young plants. Old World European customs mix with New World Latin American traditions to form a cultural heritage unique to Argentina. People continue to live around and on Lake Titicaca and maintain a subsistence lifestyle. These disputes might arise due to a natural resource both groups want, like in the case of Sudan and South Sudan, or in an attempt to gain more political power, as in the case of Pakistan and India in the Kashmir region. Pt font, 1.5 spacing, 2 pages forest management if no button appears you... 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